The establishment of high-speed, two-way, real-time, integrated communication system is the basis of the realization of smart grid, without such a communication system, any characteristics of smart grid can not be realized, because the data acquisition, protection and control of smart grid need the support of such a communication system, so the establishment of such a communication system is the first step towards smart grid. At the same time, the communication system should be as deep as the grid into the thousands of households, so that the formation of two closely linked networks - the grid and the communication network, only in this way can achieve the goals and main features of the smart grid.

High-speed, bidirectional, real-time, integrated communication systems make the smart grid a dynamic, real-time information and power exchange interaction large-scale infrastructure. When such a communication system is built, it can improve the reliability of the power grid and the utilization of assets, prosper the power market, resist attacks on the grid, and thus increase the value of the grid.

The construction of high-speed two-way communication system, smart grid through continuous self-monitoring and correction, the application of advanced information technology, to achieve its most important feature - self-healing characteristics. It can also monitor various disturbances, compensate, redistribute power flows, and avoid the escalation of accidents.

There are two main areas of focus in this area of technology, one is the open communication architecture, which forms a "plug and play" environment, enabling networked communication between grid components; The second is a unified technical standard, which enables seamless communication between all sensors, intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) and application systems, that is, information can be fully understood between all these devices and systems, and interoperability between devices and devices, devices and systems, and systems and systems.

Measurement technique

Parameter measurement technology is the basic component of smart grid. Advanced parameter measurement technology obtains data and converts it into data information for use in all aspects of smart grid. They assess the health of grid equipment and the integrity of the grid, perform meter reading estimates of electricity costs, and mitigate grid congestion and communicate with customers.

The smart grid of the future will eliminate all electromagnetic meters and their reading systems, and replace them with smart solid-state meters that can enable power companies to communicate with users in both directions. Microprocessor-based smart meters will have more functions, in addition to measuring electricity usage and electricity rates at different times of the day, but also to store peak electricity price signals and electricity rates issued by the power company, and inform users of what rate policies to implement. More advanced features include the user's own schedule according to the rate policy, automatic control of the user's internal power usage strategy.

For power companies, parametric measurement technology provides power system operators and planners with more data support, including power factor, power quality, phase relationships (WAMS), equipment health and capabilities, meter damage, fault location, transformer and line loads, temperature of critical components, outage confirmation, power consumption and forecasting. The new software system will collect, store, analyze and process this data for the rest of the utility's business.

The digital protection of the future will be embedded in computer agents, greatly improving reliability. Computer agent program is an autonomous and interactive adaptive software module. The wide-area monitoring system, protection and control scheme will integrate digital protection, advanced communication technologies and computer agents.

In such an integrated distributed protection system, the protection elements can adapt to communicate with each other, such flexibility and adaptability will greatly improve reliability, because even if part of the system fails, other protection elements with computer agents can still protect the system.

Equipment technology

Smart grid to widely use advanced equipment technology, greatly improve the performance of transmission and distribution system. Devices in the future smart grid will take advantage of the latest research in materials, superconductivity, energy storage, power electronics and microelectronics to improve power density, supply reliability and power quality, as well as the efficiency of power production.

The future smart grid will mainly apply three aspects of advanced technology: power electronics technology, superconducting technology and large capacity energy storage technology. Improve power quality by adopting new technologies and finding the best balance between grid and load characteristics.

The economical FACTS device will utilize low-cost power semiconductor devices that are more controllable than existing semiconductor devices, making these advanced devices widely available for application. Distributed generation will be widely used, multiple units are connected through communication system to form a dispatchable virtual power plant. Superconducting technology will be used in short-circuit current limiter, energy storage, low-loss rotating devices, and low-loss cables. Advanced metering and communication technologies will enable the application of demand response.

The new energy storage technology will be applied to distributed energy sources or large centralized power plants. Large power plants and distributed power sources all have their different characteristics, and they must be harmoniously combined to optimize costs, improve efficiency and reliability, and reduce environmental impact.

Control technology

Advanced control technology refers to the devices and algorithms that analyze, diagnose and predict the state of the smart grid and determine and take appropriate measures to mitigate and prevent power supply interruptions and power quality disturbances. These technologies will provide control over transmission, distribution and the user side and can manage both active and reactive power across the grid.

In the future, the analysis and diagnosis function of advanced control technology will introduce a preset expert system, and take automatic control actions within the scope allowed by the expert system. The actions thus performed will be at the second level, and this self-healing characteristic of the grid will greatly improve the reliability of the grid.

(1) Collection of data and monitoring of grid components

Advanced control technology will evaluate the status of the entire system using system and user parameters measured by smart sensors, smart electronic devices and other analytical tools, as well as the status of grid components. These data are quasi-real-time data, which is important for understanding the overall operation of the grid. At the same time, the vector measurement unit and the time signal of the global positioning system are also used to realize the early warning of the power grid.

(2) Analyze data

Near-real-time data and powerful computer processing power provide software analysis tools with the ability to rapidly expand and advance.

(3) Diagnose and solve problems

Near-real-time data processed by high-speed computers enables expert diagnostics to identify solutions to existing, developing, and potential problems and present them to system operators for judgment.

(4) Perform automatically controlled actions

The smart grid makes it possible to perform automatic control actions for problem detection and response through a combination of real-time communication systems and advanced analytics, it can also reduce the expansion of existing problems, prevent the occurrence of urgent problems, and modify system Settings, states and currents to prevent the occurrence of predicted problems.

(5) Provide information and options for operators

Advanced control technology not only provides action signals to the control device, but also provides information to the operator. The large amount of data collected by the control system is not only useful to itself, but also has great application value to the system operator, and these data assist the operator to make decisions.

Supporting technology

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Decision support technology transforms complex power system data into understandable information that can be clearly understood by system operators, so animation technology, dynamic coloring technology, virtual reality technology and other data presentation technology are used to help system operators recognize, analyze and deal with urgent problems.

With decision times reduced from hours to minutes or even seconds in many cases, smart grids require a broad, seamless, real-time suite of applications, tools, and training to enable grid operators and managers to make decisions quickly.

(1) Visualization - Decision support technology uses a large amount of data and cuts it into formatted, time period and the most critical data classified by technology to the power grid operator. Visualization technology presents these data into a visual format that the operator can quickly grasp for analysis and decision-making.

Decision support - Decision support techniques identify existing, developing, and predicted problems, provide decision-supporting analysis, and show the various scenarios required by system operators, multiple options, and the likelihood of success and failure of each option.

Dispatcher Training - Dynamic simulators utilizing decision support technology tools and industry-certified software will significantly improve the skills and level of system dispatchers.

User decisions - Demand response (DR) systems provide users with information in an easily understood manner, enabling them to decide how and when to purchase, store, or produce electricity.

Improve operational efficiency - When decision support technology is integrated with existing asset management processes, managers and users can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of grid operation, maintenance and planning.